Hemispherical photos were taken from above and below the shrubs found in the TSQS in the BEF-China experiment. These were used to calculated the amount of light that penetrates through the tree canopy, to the understory shrubs, and then through th...

For each TSQ, the nearest surrounding shrubs were identified. The diversity and density were calculated.

For each TSQ, the nearest surrounding shrubs were identified. The diversity and density were calculated.

The new growth (stem increments) of the shoots of shrubs in TSQs were measured

For each TSQ, the nearest surrounding trees were identified. The diversity and density were calculated.

For each TSQ, the nearest surrounding trees were identified. The diversity and density were calculated.